1970’erne
1970: Indvandringsstop
I 1970 indføres et indvandringsstop pga. stigende arbejdsløshed mellem immigranterne og deres manglende tilslutning til fagforeninger. Der bliver dog i 1970 og 1973 udarbejdet dispensationsregler, således at danske virksomheder kan søge om dispensation til at hente arbejdere fra udlandet.
1970: Immigration stop
In 1970 an immigration stop is introduced in Denmark due to increased unemployment among immigrants and their lacking affiliation with organised workers unions. However, there is still a number of opportunities to apply for work permits available to immigrants, which employers could seek on behalf of foreign workers. In 1970 and 1973 exemption rules are introduced, so that Danish companies can apply for a waiver to pick up workers from abroad.
1970: Den digitale revolution
Starten af den digitale tidsalder, indledt i 1970’erne, påvirker migrationsmønstre og udfordrer eksisterende forestillinger om fællesskabet. Betydningen af den digitale tidsalder, og senere sociale medier som Facebook, Twitter, blogs osv. for migrationsmønstre og integrationsprocesser undersøges til stadighed.
1970: Onset of the digital revolution
The onset of the digital age, which commenced in 1970, influences migratory patterns. Although the digital revolution commenced in the 1970s, social media such as Facebook, Twitter, blogs and other features of web 2.0 have re-defined migration research, forcing researchers to also focus in the effects of the digital revolution on migration patterns, integration processes alongside the impact on transnational identities and and existing notions of community and belonging.
1972: Zaynabs familie ankommer til Danmark
Interview med ph.d.-studerende Sahra-Josephine Hjorth.
Zaynab er en 24-årig efterkommer af tyrkiske immigranter. Zaynab fortæller her historien om, hvordan hendes familie kom til Danmark. “Det startede alt sammen med, at min bedstefar ankom i Danmark, ligesom alle de andre tyrkere, der kom i 1970-80’erne for at arbejde. Jeg tror, min bedstefar startede i Tyskland, hvor han egentlig skulle have været, men på en elle anden måde endte han i Danmark, og jeg er ikke sikker på hvorfor.
Han fik bagefter sine sønner til landet, fordi de kunne arbejde og tjene penge, og det var det, det hele handlede om. Min far gik i gymnasiet på det tidspunkt, og manglede kun nogle enkelte eksaminer, så han ville faktisk ikke afsted, fordi det betød, at han måtte afbryde sin uddannelse. Jeg ved, at det var et stort tab for ham, men på samme tid gjorde man jo, som ens forældre sagde.
Min bedstemor og børnene kom også, men min bedstefar var alene de første år i både Tyskland og Danmark. Jeg tror, det var 2-3 år. De andre kom, da han syntes, det var sikkert, at de andre også kunne for jobs. Han ville gerne have hele familien til Dnamark, men kun som en midlertidig løsning. Som så mange andre var planen ikke at blive her for evigt.
Det, jeg tror, de oplevede, var, at de fik jobs, begyndte at vænne sig til stedet, så fordelene og derfor begyndte at få børn her. Undertiden kom også min mor, faktisk kom alle andre kvinder også.”
1972: Zaynab’s family arrive in Denmark from Turkey
Interview by PhD fellow Sahra-Josephine Hjorth
Zayep is a 24 year old descendant of Turkish immigrants. Zaynap tells the story of how her family came to Denmark. “It all started with my grandfather arriving in Denmark, just like all the other Turks who came in the 1970s-80s due to work. I think my grandfather started in Germany, where he originally were supposed to be, but somehow he ended up in Denmark and I am not sure why. He then brought his sons to the country, as they could work and earn money, and that was what it was all about.
My father went to high school at the time, and was only short of a few exams, so he actually didn’t want to go, as that meant that he would discontinue his education. I know that it was a big loss for him, but at the time you did what your parents told you to. My grandmother and the kids eventually came, but my grandfather was alone for the first few years in both Germany and Denmark. I believe it was 2-3 years. The others came when he found it to be more secure, knowing that there would be jobs for all of them. He wanted to get the whole family to Denmark, however only as a temporary solution.
As many others, the plan was never to stay here for good. What they experienced, I think, was that they got jobs, started to get accustomed to the place, saw advantages and thus started to have children here. Eventually my mother came, in fact all women eventually came”.
1972: Amin sender tusinde på flugt
Den 4. august 1972 beordrer den ugandiske diktator, Idi Amin, at landets pakistanske og indiske minoritet skal udvises. De får 90 dage til at forlade landet, hvilket skaber en kaotisk situation for Ugandas 80.000 individer med sydasiatisk baggrund. Udvisningen skete på baggrund af en udbredt indofobi, hvor Amin beskyldte den asiatiske minoritet for illoyalitet og mangel på interesse for det ugandiske samfund. Mantraet ”Uganda tilbage til den etniske befolkning” stod stærkt. Mange af de udviste – særligt indiske indbyggere – har statsborgerskab i Storbritannien og kolonierne, hvorfor de flygter dertil. En del ender også i Canada, Kenya eller Indien, mens andre mister deres ugandiske statsborgerskab og bliver statsløse. De fleste taler engelsk, hvorfor Danmark ikke er det mest oplagte land at søge asyl i. Men alligevel får 158 tildelt asyl, hvilke hovedsageligt sker på baggrund af handicappede familiemedlemmer. Danmark er på dette tidspunkt nemlig det eneste land, som ikke sorterer asylansøgere efter arbejdsevne eller sundhedstilstand, hvorfor det er muligt at opnå opholdstilladelse, selvom man har et handicap
1972: Amin puts thousands to flight
On August 4, The President of Uganda, Idi Amin, orders all the Indian and Pakistani minorities expelled from Uganda. They are given 90 days to leave the country, which results in a chaotic situation for the 80.000 South Asian individuals in the country. The expulsion is a result of a widespread Indophobia in which Amin accuses the South Asian minority of being disloyal and not interested in the Ugandan society. The mantra “Uganda for the ethnic people” is in a strong position. Many of the expelled – especially Indian inhabitants – are citizens of Great Britain and its colonies and flee to them. Others flee to Canada, Kenya or India, while others are deprived of their citizenship and become stateless. Many are English-speaking, wherefore Denmark is not the most obvious place to seek asylum. However, 158 individuals are granted asylum, which mainly happens due to handicapped family members. At this time, Denmark is the only country in the world that does not sort asylum seekers by their work ability or their state of health, which is why many refugees are granted resident status, even though they are handicapped.
1973: Den globale oliekrise og indvandringsstop i 1973
I efteråret 1973 befinder Vesteuropa sig i en lavkonjunktur som følge af den globale oliekrise. Det resulterer i høj arbejdsløshed og udlandsgæld, hvilket fører til en kritisk tilgang til indvandrernes rolle i Danmark.
I november 1973 indføres et totalt stop for tildeling af førstegangsarbejdstilladelser til udenlandske (ikke-vestlige) arbejdere. Ligeledes bliver det pålagt arbejdsgiveren at udfærdige en skriftlig ansættelsesaftale, og at denne skal oversættes til et sprog, som er forståeligt for den ansatte. Den ansatte skal have en passende bolig og deltage i et 40-timers danskkursus i dansk sprog og kultur. Løn for arbejde skal følge den gældende danske overenskomst.
Dette påvirker dog ikke indvandringen i den grad, man havde forventet, da der ikke bliver bremset for opholdstilladelser til familiemedlemmer. Indvandringen fra fx Tyrkiet til Danmark ændrer derimod natur og består især af opholdstilladelser til familie til herboende arbejdere.
I 1973 har i alt 54.716 personer arbejds- og opholdstilladelse i Danmark. Kritikken af indvandring kulminerer under “jordskredsvalget” samme år, hvor Mogens Glistrups indvandrerkritiske Fremskridtspartiet kommer i Folketinget med 28 mandater.
1973: The global oil crisis and immigration stop in 1973
In the fall of 1973, the global oil crisis results in a recession in Western Europe. The consequences are high unemployment and foreign debt, leading to a critical assessment of the role of immigrants in Denmark. In November 1973 a total ban of first-time work permits for foreign (non-Western) workers is introduced. Moreover, the employer has to provide a written employment agreement translated into a language understandable to the employee. The employees should have adequate housing and participate in a 40-hour Danish course in Danish language and culture. Wages for work should follow the applicable Danish convention.
This did not affect migration to the degree expected, as family reunification permits were still allowed. Immigration from i.e. Turkey to Denmark, as such modified so that it mainly consisted of residence permits for family to nonresident workers.
In 1973, a total of 54,716 people had work and residence permit in Denmark. Mogens Glistrup’s nationalistic party won the election and came into parliament with 28 seats.
1973: Danmark bliver medlem af EF
Efter en folkeafstemning i 1972 bliver Danmark medlem af EF med indtrædelse fra 1973.
1973: Denmark joins EU
After a referendum in 1972, Denmark becomes a member of EU in 1973.
1973: Danmark bliver medlem af EØF
På baggrund af medlemskabet af EØF får danske statsborgere fri adgang til arbejdsmarkedet i de øvrige medlemslande.
1973: Denmark joins the EEC
Denmark becomes a member of the European Economic Council (EEC). On the basis of the membership of the EEC, Denmark now gains free access to the labor markets of other member countries.
1973: Flygtninge fra Chile
Den 11. september 1973 vågner den chilenske befolkning op til politiske uroligheder, der skal få konsekvenser for de mange venstreorienterede i landet. General Augusto Pinochet vælter under et blodigt kup den demokratisk valgte socialistiske præsident, Salvador Allende. Det efterfølgende forsøg på at fjerne socialistiske elementer i landet sender en lang række politisk aktive chilenere på flugt fra militærdiktaturet, der slår over 3000 mennesker ihjel og sender mere end 30.000 i fængsel. Ud af de 200.000 flygtninge ankommer omkring 800 til Danmark. Både den danske fagbevægelse og venstrefløj tager mod flygtningene med åbne arme, og i årene 1973-1976 finder støttekampagner, indsamlinger og oplysningskampagner om forholdene i Chile sted over alt i landet.
1973: Refugees from Chile
On September 11, the Chilean population is met with political unrests, which subsequently will have consequences for many lefties in the country. During a bloody coup general Augusto Pinochet overthrows the democratically elected socialistic president Salvador Allende. The subsequent attempt to remove all socialists from the country results in many politically active refugees trying to escape the military dictatorship, which murders more than 3000 people and puts more than 30.000 people in jail. Of the 200.000 refugees 800 arrive in Denmark. The Danish trade union movement and left wing welcome the refuges with open arms, and from 1973-1976 support campaigns and fundraising take place all over the country.
1975: Bådflygtninge fra Vietnam
Ganske få år efter chilenernes ankomst til Danmark begynder en anden flygtningegruppe også at dukke op. I Vietnam sætter krigen sine dybe spor i befolkningen, og det efterfølgende kommunistiske styre sender over 1,5 mio. mennesker på flugt. En del af disse er de såkaldte bådflygtninge, der driver omkring på havene i skibe og både, der ofte er overfyldte og synkefærdige. Mange drukner eller bliver overfaldet af pirater, men det lykkes en del at redde sig i land i bl.a. Indonesien, Malaysia eller Filippinerne. I de sydøstasiatiske farvande sejler også danske skibe, der undertiden samler bådflygtningene op. Maersk-Line redder alene 6494 bådflygtninge, der efterfølgende bliver samlet i flygtningelejre og genbosat gennem UNHCR. Danmark modtager de første vietnamesiske bådflygtninge i 1975 og de efterfølgende år ankommer ca. 7000.
1975: Boat refugees from Vietnam
A few years after the arrival of the Chilean fugitives another group of refugees starts to appear. In Vietnam the war leaves its mark on the population, and the subsequent communist rule sends more than 1.5 million people on the run. Some of these are the so called boat refugees, who can be found in overcrowded and sinking ships and boats at sea. Many drown or get attacked by pirates, but some manage to reach the shore of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. In the waters of Southeast Asia Danish ships pick up some of the boat refugees. Maersk-Line alone saves 6494 boat refugees, who subsequently are gathered in refugee camps and resettled by UNHCR. In Denmark the first Vietnamese boat refugees arrive in 1975 and the following years more than 7000 refugees arrive.
1976: Elk Horn – en dansk koloni i USA
I Elk Horn i staten Iowa i USA bosatte en gruppe danske emigranter sig i det første tiår af 1900-tallet. Byen, der i dag har ca. 660 indbyggere, er stadig præget af den danske indvandring. Byens borgere har efternavne som Rasmussen, Jensen og Madsen, og hvert år afholdes byfesten ”Tivoli Fest”, hvor områdets danske kulturarv fejres.
I 1976 – 200-året for den amerikanske uafhængighedserklæring – beslutter man i Elk Horn, at jubilæet skal fejres ved, at man importerer en mølle fra Nørre Snede, som bliver rejst på hovedgaden i Elk Horn. Møllen, der er fra 1848, fungerer i dag som museum, turistkontor og souvenirbutik.
1976: Elk Horn
Danish emigrants settled in Elk Horn, located in Iowa in the United States, during the first decade of the 1900s. The city currently has roughly 660 inhabitants. Elk Horn is still hugely influenced by the Danish immigration. The townspeople have surnames such as Rasmussen, Jensen and Madsen, and each year the town fair “Tivoli Fest” is held, and Danish heritage is celebrated.
In 1976 – the year of the 200th anniversary of the American Declaration of Independence – Elk Horn decided to celebrate the anniversary by importing a mill from Nørre Snede in Denmark. This mill was erected on the main street in Elk Horn. The mill from 1848 is now a museum, tourist office and souvenir shop.
1979: Danmark modtager kvoteflygtninge
Siden 1979 har Danmark årligt modtaget et fast antal såkaldte kvoteflygtninge fordelt af FN’s Flygtningehøjkommissariat. Kvoteflygtningene er udvalgt ved interview under hensyn til deres familieforhold, således at hvis anden familie har opnået asyl, vil pågældende land, der har givet asyl også behandle flygtningens sag.
1979: Denmark receives quota refugees
Since 1979, Denmark has annually received a fixed number of so-called quota refugees from the UNHCR. Quota refugees are selected by interview, taking into account their family situation. If family has already been granted asylum, the given country will be responsible for handling the persons case.
1979: Indfødsret
Indtil 1979 var et barns nationalitet alene bestemt af faderens statsborgerskab. Ved en ændring i indfødsretslovgivningen bliver det fra 1. januar 1979 imidlertid bestemt, at børn født af danske fædre eller mødre ved fødslen får dansk statsborgerskab.
1979: Citizenship
Until 1979 a child’s nationality was determined solely by the father’s nationality. With a change in the citizenship law was, implemented on January 1, 1979, children born of Danish fathers or mothers are at birth granted Danish citizenship.
